Kroton (500 BC) - Delphic Tripod / Eagle
The Kroton stater with the Delphic tripod on the obverse and an incuse eagle flying right on the reverse is one of the most important and visually striking coins of Magna Graecia. It was struck in Kroton (Croton), Bruttium) around 500–480 BC.
Obverse: Delphic tripod with lion‑foot legs and the ethnic ϘΡΟΤΟΝ (Kroton)
Reverse: Eagle flying right, rendered in incuse (sunken) 
The tripod is the sacred symbol of Apollo at Delphi, representing prophecy and divine sanctity Struck in incuse — meaning the design is sunken into the flan rather than raised This was the era when Kroton was a major power in Magna Graecia — famous for its athletes, philosophers (including Pythagoreans) and strong maritime connections. The tripod symbolised Kroton’s religious prestige and connection to Delphi. Currency  Stater
Paid £340 - Kevin - Charing Cross
Date 10/6/2000
Reference S.257
Current value £450
Weight
Size
URL:https://www.ancienthistoriccoins.com/collection/greek

The Aegina Turtle Stater (c. 550–480 BC) - Incuse 'union jack' pattern.
The Aegina turtle coin is one of the most iconic and historically important coins of the ancient Greek world — in fact, it was the dominant trade currency of Greece before the Athenian owl.
The classic “turtle coin” is a silver stater minted on the island of Aegina, one of the earliest Greek coinages.It dates from around 550–480 BC, during the Archaic period.
It was so widely used that ancient Greeks joked: “Courage and wisdom are overcome by Turtles.”
The Obverse portrays a Sea Turtle seen from above. The shell has a line of raised pellets/dots running down the centre. The turtle symbolised Aegina’s maritime power and its dominance in Aegean trade. The Reverse has an The Incuse Punch - A deep incuse square divided into multiple triangular or geometric compartments. Earlier issues have an eight‑part “mill-sail” pattern, but this has the five part "Union Jack" pattern. This was created by the punch used to force the blank into the obverse die. This reverse is extremely distinctive — no inscription, just a punch
This coin was one of the first mass‑produced silver currencies in Greece. It was minted in huge quantities — estimated 10,000 coins per year for ~70 years and used widely across the Cyclades and Crete.
It pre‑dates the Athenian owl as a major trade currency. Currency Silver 'turtle' stater
Paid £90 - Coindex Exhibition
Date 7/10/2000
Reference S.1858
Current Value £400
Weight
Size
URL:https://www.ancienthistoriccoins.com/collection/greek

The Aegina Turtle Stater (c. 550–480 BC) - Incuse 'union jack' pattern. The Aegina turtle coin is one of the most iconic and historically important coins of the ancient Greek world — in fact, it was the dominant trade currency of Greece before the Athenian owl.
The classic “turtle coin” is a silver stater minted on the island of Aegina, one of the earliest Greek coinages.It dates from around 550–480 BC, during the Archaic period.
It was so widely used that ancient Greeks joked: “Courage and wisdom are overcome by Turtles.”
The Obverse portrays a Sea Turtle seen from above. The shell has a line of raised pellets/dots running down the centre.
The turtle symbolised Aegina’s maritime power and its dominance in Aegean trade.
The Reverse has an The Incuse Punch - A deep incuse square divided into multiple triangular or geometric compartments. Earlier issues have an eight‑part “mill-sail” pattern, but this has the five part "Union Jack" pattern. This was created by the punch used to force the blank into the obverse die. This reverse is extremely distinctive — no inscription, just a punch
This coin was one of the first mass‑produced silver currencies in Greece. It was minted in huge quantities — estimated 10,000 coins per year for ~70 years and used widely across the Cyclades and Crete. It pre‑dates the Athenian owl as a major trade currency.
Currency Silver 'turtle' stater
Paid £90 - Cumberland Coin Show
Date 3/6/2000
Reference S.1858
Current Value £400
Weight
Size

Athenian Incuse Owl/ Head of Athena The obverse shows the head of Athena, the patron goddess of Athens. She faces right, wearing an Attic helmet decorated with olive leaves or floral/animal motifs. The reverse shows the owl of Athena, standing right but looking forward. To the right of the owl is the inscription ΑΘΕ — the first three letters of “Athenians.” A small crescent moon and olive sprig appear behind the owl. Early issues like this coin show the owl inside a deep incuse square. The coin became the most widely used trade coin in the Mediterranean. Athens’ silver mines at Laurion allowed mass production. Currency Tetradrachm Paid £360 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 25/3/2000 Reference s.2526 Current Value £900 Weight Size

Athenian Incuse Owl / Head of Athena The obverse shows the head of Athena, the patron goddess of Athens. She faces right, wearing an Attic helmet decorated with olive leaves or floral/animal motifs. The reverse shows the owl of Athena, standing right but looking forward. To the right of the owl is the inscription ΑΘΕ — the first three letters of “Athenians.” A small crescent moon and olive sprig appear behind the owl. Early issues like this coin show the owl inside a deep incuse square. The coin became the most widely used trade coin in the Mediterranean. Athens’ silver mines at Laurion allowed mass production. Currency Drachma Paid £100 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 26/02/2000 Reference s.2527 Current Value £900 Size Weight

Athenian Incuse Owl / Head of Athena The obverse shows the head of Athena, the patron goddess of Athens. She faces right, wearing an Attic helmet decorated with olive leaves or floral/animal motifs. The reverse shows the owl of Athena, standing right but looking forward. To the right of the owl is the inscription ΑΘΕ — the first three letters of “Athenians.” A small crescent moon and olive sprig appear behind the owl. Early issues like this coin show the owl inside a deep incuse square. The coin became the most widely used trade coin in the Mediterranean. Athens’ silver mines at Laurion allowed mass production. Currency Drachma Paid £100 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 26/02/2000 Reference s.2527 Current Value £900 Size Weight

178. Head of Venus right, wearing diadem. Border of dots. Reverse; Aeneas left, carrying palladium in right hand and Anchises on left shoulder, on right, inscription This classic ancient Roman silver denarius was issued by Julius Caesar andwas struck by a mobile military mint traveling with Caesar during his African campaign between 47 and 46 BCE(around the time of the Battle of Thapsus). The coin features remarkable propaganda intended to legitimize Caesar's political power and divine lineage: Obverse (Head of Venus right): The portrait represents the goddess Venus. The gens Julia (Julius Caesar's family) famously claimed direct descent from Venus through her grandson, Iulus (the son of Aeneas).  Reverse (Aeneas and Anchises): This side depicts the Trojan hero Aeneas fleeing the burning city of Troy. He is shown carrying his crippled father, Anchises, on his shoulder and the Palladium (a sacred statue of the goddess Athena/Minerva) in his outstretched right hand.  Inscription: The inscription on the right side reads CAESAR. This specific mythology beautifully ties together Caesar's claimed divine grandmother (Venus) and his heroic ancestor (Aeneas). The reverse scene was later heavily popularized in Virgil's epic poem, the Aeneid. This coin was minted in the middle of the civil war between Julius Caesar and Pompey, albeit after the latter’s defeat and death. Already in 50 BCE, the Senate commanded Caesar to return to Rome because his term as governor was over. In answer to that, in 49 BCE, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with only one legion. This act resulted in a civil war between Caesar and the optimates, who chose Pompey as their leader. Afterwards Caesar defeated Pompey's allies in Spain and returned to the East, to confront the latter in Illyria. Later on, Caesar defeated Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and pursued him to Egypt, arriving soon after the murder of the general. There, he supported Cleopatra VII against her younger brother Ptolemy XIV. Caesar decided to bestow the pharaoh's crown on the head of Cleopatra in 47 BCE, after having successfully defeated her opponents. After the defeat of the King of Pontus, who had sided with Pompey, by 46 BCE, Caesar advanced to Africa to deal with Cato, and others supporters of the optimates' rule. Possibly the coin was minted on the spot to pay the soldiers who fought on African soil.  At that time Julius Caesar had witnessed in person all the pageantry of the Hellenistic monarchy in Ptolemaic Egypt, as well as the Ptolemies’ claim to divinity. Contrary to the previous warlords such as Sulla, who claimed a close bond with Venus Felix, and to his rival Pompey, who claimed a close bond with Venus Victrix, but without pretending to descend from the goddess, Julius Caesar claimed much more. Perhaps drawing on the example of the Hellenistic monarchies of the Greek East, Caesar emphasized the divine ancestry of his family, the gens Iulia. They claimed descent from the goddess Venus and her son, the Trojan hero Aeneas, who saved his father from the fall of Troy and, according to the legend, fled to Italy. The Romans traced their history back to him. Caesar’s claim was accepted by his adopted son Octavian and it became one of the main vehicles of imperial propaganda. The Aeneid, written by Virgil, as well as various coins minted by Octavian/Augustus, and his well-known portrait, the statue of Augustus of Prima Porta, convey the idea of a close relationship between the gens Iulia and Venus. This denarius suggests that the Roman Republic had to be identified with the personal power of Julius Caesar, by then also dictator, or supreme magistrate of the Roman Republic. Finally, it is important to emphasize that this coin also forwards an ideal of pietas, by reffering to the pietas of Aeneas towards his father, as well as to the pietas of Julius Caesar towards his ancestors, the goddess Venus and Aeneas himself. The idea of pietas consisted in "fulfilling one's responsibilities to anyone or anything to whom one was bound in any way. The fulfillment of these responsibilities could be motivated by the requirements of duty or obligations, in which case pietas was often overlapped with the notion of officium, fides, or religio, or by the deeper sentiments of love and affection" (Noreña, Imperial Ideals in the Roman West, p. 71). Later on, in the early imperial period, according to Carlos Noreña, pietas was one of the most important virtues displayed on Roman imperial coinage. Minted in Africa Currency Denarius Paid £150 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 18/12/1999 Reference s.1402 / s.2355 Current Value £2,500 Size 16mm Weight 3.83g

112. Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC) - Elephant Trampling Snake (* Contemporary Counterfeit *) This is the first coin ever issued by Julius Caesar, struck in 49 BC at the very start of the civil war against Pompey. It shows: > Obverse: An elephant advancing right, trampling a serpent > Reverse: A collection of priestly symbols (simpulum, aspergillum, axe, and apex) The message was pure propaganda: Caesar = the mighty elephant crushing evil / chaos / Pompey’s faction. A contemporary counterfeit means: It was made in antiquity, not modern. Usually produced by criminals or local moneyers during Caesar’s lifetime. Often silver‑plated bronze, or low‑grade silver. Style is usually slightly “off”: Elephant looks more cartoonish or stiff Legends irregular The weight is 1.75g as oposed to the heavier silver original of 3.8–4.0g. These were made to pass in everyday circulation — essentially ancient fraud. Currency Denarius Paid £45 - Alan Cherry - Commonwealth Institute Date 17th November 1999 Reference s.353 Current Value Size 16mm Weight 1.75g

241. Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC) - Elephant Trampling Snake This is the first coin ever issued by Julius Caesar, struck in 49 BC at the very start of the civil war against Pompey. It shows: > Obverse: An elephant advancing right, trampling a serpent > Reverse: A collection of priestly symbols (simpulum, aspergillum, axe, and apex) The message was pure propaganda: Caesar = the mighty elephant crushing evil / chaos / Pompey’s faction. Currency Denarius Paid £120 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 12th August 2000 Reference s.353 Current Value Size 19mm Weight 3.25g

104. Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC) - Trophy of Gallic Arms Roman Republican/Imperatorial. Military mint moving with Caesar in Spain, 46-45 BCE. Obv: Head of Venus to right, wearing stephane; Cupid behind shoulder Rev: Trophy of Gallic arms, composed of helmet and cuirass, oval shield and two carnyxes. Two Gallic captives seated at base, to left, a female (Gallia) in posture of mourning, head resting in r. hand; to right, a bearded male (Vercingetorix) with hands bound behind him, looking l. CAESAR in exergue. Reference: Crawford 468/1; CRI 58; RSC 13; Sydenham 1014. Numismatic Notes: The figures on the reverse of this coin are traditionally identified as the same as those portrayed on the obverses of the pair of Hostilius Saserna AR Denarii, c. 48 BC, depicting Gallia (left) and Vercingetorix (right). This coin became the archetype for Roman numismatic depictions of captives for the next 400 years. The trophy with two captives beneath was used frequently in the 3rd century (e.g., by Septimius Severus and Caracalla) and became a popular type on 4th century small bronze coinage (see, e.g., the Constantine AE3s). Even those depicting a single captive borrowed from this imagery; e.g., Judaea (under Vespasian et al.), Armenia (L. Verus et al.), and Dacia (Trajan et al.), among others, were depicted as female personifications in the same attitude of dejection/posture of mourning. Currency Denarius Paid £220 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 11th July 1999 Reference s.354 Current Value Size 19mm Weight 3.72g

122. Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC) - Trophy of Gallic Arms Roman Republican/Imperatorial. Military mint moving with Caesar in Spain, 46-45 BCE. Obv: Head of Venus to right, wearing stephane; Cupid behind shoulder Rev: Trophy of Gallic arms, composed of helmet and cuirass, oval shield and two carnyxes. Two Gallic captives seated at base, to left, a female (Gallia) in posture of mourning, head resting in r. hand; to right, a bearded male (Vercingetorix) with hands bound behind him, looking l. CAESAR in exergue. Reference: Crawford 468/1; CRI 58; RSC 13; Sydenham 1014. Numismatic Notes: The figures on the reverse of this coin are traditionally identified as the same as those portrayed on the obverses of the pair of Hostilius Saserna AR Denarii, c. 48 BC, depicting Gallia (left) and Vercingetorix (right). This coin became the archetype for Roman numismatic depictions of captives for the next 400 years. The trophy with two captives beneath was used frequently in the 3rd century (e.g., by Septimius Severus and Caracalla) and became a popular type on 4th century small bronze coinage (see, e.g., the Constantine AE3s). Even those depicting a single captive borrowed from this imagery; e.g., Judaea (under Vespasian et al.), Armenia (L. Verus et al.), and Dacia (Trajan et al.), among others, were depicted as female personifications in the same attitude of dejection/posture of mourning. Currency Denarius Paid £120 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 7th August 1999 Reference s.357 Current Value Size 18mm Weight 3.88g

137. Agrippa (63 - 12 BC) - Neptune - Struck by Tiberius Neptune standing, nude, with a cloak over his shoulders, holding a dolphin and a trident.  Agrippa is one of the greatest men of Ancient Rome. His lifetime accomplishments were spectacular and his heritage is incredibly rich even two thousand years after his death. However, only a few Roman coins issued during his lifetime bear his portrait or name. This is due to the role that money played at the time of the Roman Empire. In addition to being a means of payment, coins were also a form of propaganda. As this centered around the person of Octavian, and later his family, other subjects or persons, with rare exceptions, had no place on Rome’s coins. Currency Sestertius Paid £45 - Saive Date 11th September 1999 Reference s.556 / s.1812 Current Value £350 Size 25mm Weight 13.06 g

172. Agrippa (63 - 12 BC) - Neptune - Struck by Tiberius Neptune standing, nude, with a cloak over his shoulders, holding a dolphin and a trident.  Agrippa is one of the greatest men of Ancient Rome. His lifetime accomplishments were spectacular and his heritage is incredibly rich even two thousand years after his death. However, only a few Roman coins issued during his lifetime bear his portrait or name. This is due to the role that money played at the time of the Roman Empire. In addition to being a means of payment, coins were also a form of propaganda. As this centered around the person of Octavian, and later his family, other subjects or persons, with rare exceptions, had no place on Rome’s coins. Currency Sestertius Paid £50 - Ziele Date 13th November 1999 Reference s.556 / s.1812 Current Value £350 Size 27mm Weight 13.67g

180. Heads of Augustus and Agrippa / Crocodile in chains The obverse displays the heads of Augustus, laureate (on the right) and Agrippa, laureate and wearing a rostral crown (on the left), back to back. On the reverse is featured a crocodile, right, in chains, with a palm-branch behind; behind the palm, a wreath with long ties. Inscription: The obverse bears the inscription “IMP DIVI F,” indicating Augustus as the son of the deified Julius Caesar. The reverse field has the inscription “COL NEM,” referring to the colony of Nemausus (modern-day Nîmes, France). Historical Significance: The crocodile represents Egypt, symbolizing the defeat of Cleopatra and the Roman victory at the Battle of Actium. It may also refer to the veterans of the Actium campaign settled in Nemausus by Octavian (Augustus). Currency AE 25 Paid £40 - Saive Date 6th November 1999 Reference s.1728 Current Value £450 Size 25mm Weight 12.98g

196. Octavian (63 BC - 14 AD) - Head of Apollo / Octavian Plowing This denarius was struck around 29–27 BC, just before Octavian received the title Augustus. It marks the moment he transitions from Civil war victor to founder of a new political order.  This coin is essentially the numismatic birth certificate of the Augustan regime. This is Octavian performing the ritual foundation ceremony of a city — the sulcus primigenius, the sacred first furrow.  In Roman tradition, when founding a new city, the leader: Wore a veil  Drove two oxen pulling a plow Marked out the pomerium, the sacred boundary Octavian used this imagery to claim he was refounding Rome after the civil wars, restoring peace, order, and tradition.  It also illustrated that his rule was divinely sanctioned This is one of the clearest pieces of propaganda showing Octavian presenting himself not as a conqueror, but as a founder and restorer. Currency Denarius Paid £120 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 4th December 1999 Reference s.460 / S.1560 Current Value £1,200 Size 19 mm Weight 3.83 g

291. Octavian (63 BC - 14 AD) - Pax Standing Holding Olive Branch and cornucopia This Octavian denarius (minted 32–29 BC) has an obverse featuring a bare head of Octavian, while the reverse depicts Pax (goddess of peace) standing left, holding an olive branch (symbolizing peace and victory) and a cornucopia (symbolizing prosperity and abundance). Political Symbolism Commissioned during the civil wars as Octavian fought Mark Antony and Cleopatra, this coin was a brilliant piece of propaganda. By placing Pax on the reverse, Octavian promised citizens that an end to the civil wars would bring the return of stability and wealth to Rome. It subtly framed his military campaigns as necessary to achieve this ultimate peace, subtly pointing to Cleopatra as the disruptor. Reverse Legend: CAESAR DIVI F (Caesar, Son of the Divine) Significance of Legend: This text was crucial for legitimizing Octavian's rule by visually and textually tying him to the legacy of Julius Caesar. Currency Denarius Paid £160 - CNG - eBay Date 25th October 2000 Reference s.1551 Current Value £1,500 Size 19 mm Weight 3.55 g

80. Octavian (63 BC - 14 AD) - Head of Apollo / Octavian Plowing This denarius was struck around 29–27 BC, just before Octavian received the title Augustus. It marks the moment he transitions from Civil war victor to founder of a new political order.  This coin is essentially the numismatic birth certificate of the Augustan regime. This is Octavian performing the ritual foundation ceremony of a city — the sulcus primigenius, the sacred first furrow.  In Roman tradition, when founding a new city, the leader: Wore a veil  Drove two oxen pulling a plow Marked out the pomerium, the sacred boundary Octavian used this imagery to claim he was refounding Rome after the civil wars, restoring peace, order, and tradition.  It also illustrated that his rule was divinely sanctioned This is one of the clearest pieces of propaganda showing Octavian presenting himself not as a conqueror, but as a founder and restorer. Currency Denarius Paid £100 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 11th December 1999 Reference s.460 / S.1560 Current Value £1,000 Size 19 mm Weight 3.83 g

185. Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC) - Trophy of Gallic Arms Roman Republican/Imperatorial. Military mint moving with Caesar in Spain, 46-45 BCE. Obv: Head of Venus to right, wearing stephane; Cupid behind shoulder Rev: Trophy of Gallic arms, composed of helmet and cuirass, oval shield and two carnyxes. Two Gallic captives seated at base, to left, a female (Gallia) in posture of mourning, head resting in r. hand; to right, a bearded male (Vercingetorix) with hands bound behind him, looking l. CAESAR in exergue. Reference: Crawford 468/1; CRI 58; RSC 13; Sydenham 1014. Numismatic Notes: The figures on the reverse of this coin are traditionally identified as the same as those portrayed on the obverses of the pair of Hostilius Saserna AR Denarii, c. 48 BC, depicting Gallia (left) and Vercingetorix (right). This coin became the archetype for Roman numismatic depictions of captives for the next 400 years. The trophy with two captives beneath was used frequently in the 3rd century (e.g., by Septimius Severus and Caracalla) and became a popular type on 4th century small bronze coinage (see, e.g., the Constantine AE3s). Even those depicting a single captive borrowed from this imagery; e.g., Judaea (under Vespasian et al.), Armenia (L. Verus et al.), and Dacia (Trajan et al.), among others, were depicted as female personifications in the same attitude of dejection/posture of mourning. Currency Denarius Paid £100 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 18th December 1999 Reference s.1404 Current Value Size 20mm Weight 4.04g

190. Cnaes Pompey, Junior - Roma / Pompey Receives Palm (46 BC) Minted in Cordoba, Spain in summer 46 BC to spring 45 BC, just before his defeat by Caesar. M. Poblicius, legate pro praetore. Obv: helmeted head of Roma right; M•POBLICI•LEG PRO•PR around. Rev: female figure standing right, with shield slung on back, holding two spears and giving palm-branch to soldier (Pompey?) standing to left on prow of ship; CN•MAGNVS•IMP upwards to right. Currency Denarius Paid £80 - Kevin - Charing Crosss Date 29th January 2000 Reference S.1384 Current Value £350 Size 20mm Weight 3.91g

123. Livia - Wife of Augustus, Mother of Tiberius - Livia as Pietas Rome mint, 80-81 AD Obv: PIETAS; Bust of Livia as Pietas, draped r., with stephane Rev: IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST; S C in centre RIC 426 (C2). BMC 291. BNC 305. Titus struck an extensive restoration series of bronze coins of Flavian approved past emperors and imperial family members which reproduced the original coins in their entirety. While this veneration of past coinages was not a new idea (Vespasian copied past types on many reverses for the precious metal issues) it was quite an innovation to copy both the obverse and reverse of these past coinages. To do so likely had a dual purpose - one, to recoin types that were being recalled or falling out of circulation and to keep their memory alive, and secondly to link the Flavian house with those past revered personages. The meaning is quite clear on the reverse with Titus declaring he has restored (REST) this coin. H. Mattingly in BMCRE II described the series as a 'roll of honour of the early Empire, preserving all memories that deserved to be remembered.' This dupondius possibly features Augustus' wife Livia on the obverse as Pietas, although the identification is uncertain. Prototype, RIC 43 (Tiberius). Currency AE Dupondius Paid £150 - CNG Date 7th August 1999 Reference s.547 Current Value £1,000 Size 30 mm Weight 12.87g

382. Heads of Augustus and Agrippa / Crocodile in chains The obverse displays the heads of Augustus, laureate (on the right) and Agrippa, laureate and wearing a rostral crown (on the left), back to back. On the reverse is featured a crocodile, right, in chains, with a palm-branch behind; behind the palm, a wreath with long ties. Inscription: The obverse bears the inscription “IMP DIVI F,” indicating Augustus as the son of the deified Julius Caesar. The reverse field has the inscription “COL NEM,” referring to the colony of Nemausus (modern-day Nîmes, France). Historical Significance: The crocodile represents Egypt, symbolizing the defeat of Cleopatra and the Roman victory at the Battle of Actium. It may also refer to the veterans of the Actium campaign settled in Nemausus by Octavian (Augustus). Currency AE 25 Paid £55 - Charing Cross Date 2025 Reference s.1728 Current Value £450 Size 27 mm Weight 12.63g

179. Octavian and Lepidus (42 BC) The Octavian & Lepidus denarius of 42 BC is one of the clearest numismatic snapshots of the Second Triumvirate at the moment it was gearing up for the campaign against Brutus and Cassius. It’s catalogued as Crawford 495/2 and is part of the large imperatorial coinage struck in Italy in spring–summer 42 BC. It’s a silver denarius showing Lepidus on one side and Octavian on the other, both identified as triumvirs for the re‑establishment of the Republic, struck to fund the military operations leading to Philippi. Obverse Bare head of Lepidus, right Legend: LEPIDVS PONT MAX III VIR R P C Pontifex Maximus — he inherited Caesar’s priesthood in 44 BC III VIR R(ei) P(ublicae) C(onstituendae) — “Triumvir for the re‑establishment of the Republic” Reverse Bare head of Octavian, right Legend: CAESAR IMP III VIR R P C IMP — imperator, acknowledging his military victories Same triumviral title as Lepidus It was minted in Italy, moving with the triumviral forces in 42 BC, just before the campaign against Brutus & Cassius After Caesar’s assassination, Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed a legally constituted three‑man dictatorship. All three struck coinage aggressively in 43–42 BC to fund armies. Crawford notes these issues were funded by the proceeds of the proscriptions, the brutal confiscations and executions used to raise money for the coming war. Lepidus was the least militarily dominant of the triumvirs. His coinage is less common and less varied than Antony’s or Octavian’s, reflecting his weaker political position. Octavian’s portrait and IMP title show his growing military legitimacy. Within a year, after Philippi, he would eclipse Lepidus entirely Currency Denarius Paid £350 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 18th December 1999 Reference s.1523 / s.401 Current Value £1,800 Size 19 mm Weight 3.93g

173. Octavian (32 BC) - Head of Pax / Octavian Walking This coin is the Octavian “Pax / Adlocutio” denarius, struck Autumn 32 – Summer 31 BC, just before Actium.  The obverse displays the Diademed head of Pax right, with Cornucopia behind, Olive branch before The message: Octavian is presenting himself as the bringer of peace and prosperity. On the reverse, Octavian walking right, raising hand in adlocutio (addressing the troops), Spear over shoulder The Message: Octavian as commander‑in‑chief, rallying the army before the decisive war with Antony. The coin was struck immediately before the Battle of Actium (31 BC), when Octavian was consolidating political and military power.  As part of a huge propaganda push presenting him as a bringer of peace (Pax), the leader of the legions (adlocutio) and protector of Rome The imagery is deliberate: peace on the obverse, military authority on the reverse. It’s Octavian saying: I will bring peace, but only after victory. This is one of the clearest “pre‑Augustus” coins showing the transition from Republican general to future emperor. Currency Denarius Paid £130 - Cumberland Coin Show Date 6th November 1999 Reference s.1549 Current Value £2,000 Size 19 mm Weight 3.79g

183. Octavian (29-27 BC) - Octavian driving a bigae / Victory on Prow of Ship The obverse depicts Octavian driving a bigae (two‑horse chariot). He holds the reins and a sceptre, the horses are shown in motion.  This is a triumphal chariot scene, not a portrait.  Legend: IMP CAESAR This is a rare and desirable type, struck just after Actium. The reverse image shows Victory standing on a ship’s prow, holding a wreath.  This is the classic Actium victory symbol This coin celebrates Octavian’s naval victory at Actium (31 BC), his triumphal return to Rome and his status as Imperator Caesar. The biga obverse represents his triumphal procession. The prow reverse represents the naval victory that made him master of the Roman world. It was minted during the transition period just before he becomes Augustus in 27 BC Currency Denarius Paid £180 - Mike Vosper - Charing Cross Date 6th November 1999 Reference s.1555 Current Value £600 Size 19 mm Weight 3.62g

188. Octavian (29-27 BC) - Octavian driving a bigae / Victory on Prow of Ship The obverse depicts Octavian driving a bigae (two‑horse chariot). He holds the reins and a sceptre, the horses are shown in motion.  This is a triumphal chariot scene, not a portrait.  Legend: IMP CAESAR This is a rare and desirable type, struck just after Actium. The reverse image shows Victory standing on a ship’s prow, holding a wreath.  This is the classic Actium victory symbol This coin celebrates Octavian’s naval victory at Actium (31 BC), his triumphal return to Rome and his status as Imperator Caesar. The biga obverse represents his triumphal procession. The prow reverse represents the naval victory that made him master of the Roman world. It was minted during the transition period just before he becomes Augustus in 27 BC Currency Denarius Paid £180 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 6th November 1999 Reference s.1555 / s.460 Current Value £600 Size 19 mm Weight 3.59g

325. Octavian (34 - 37 AD) - Temple of Julius Caesar The famous Octavian denarius depicting the Temple of Julius Caesar was actually minted in 36 BC (during his time as Triumvir, rather than 34–37 AD). It is a rare and highly sought-after piece of ancient Roman propaganda. Key Coin Features The Obverse features a bareheaded, bearded portrait of Octavian facing right, surrounded by the legend identifying him as the son of the divine Julius and a Triumvir. The Reverse depicts the tetrastyle (four-columned) Temple of Divus Iulius. Inside the temple stands a veiled statue of Julius Caesar holding an augur's staff (lituus). A prominent six-pointed star, representing the Sidus Iulium (Caesar's Comet) is above the temple. A lighted altar is visible to the left of the temple.  Struck while the temple was actually still under construction in the Roman Forum, the coin was designed to legally and visually cement Octavian’s connection to the now-divine Julius Caesar. The bearded portrait was an expression of mourning for Caesar's assassination Currency Denarius Paid £70 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 2nd December 2000 Reference s.1545 Current Value £600 Size 20mm Weight 3.37g

384. Octavian - Head of Venus / Octavian The coin depicts Venus, shown facing right, wearing a stephane (diadem) - her hair in the classical Venus style: wavy, tied back, with a ribbon with a small knot behind the head Why Venus? Octavian is deliberately invoking Julius Caesar’s divine patroness. Caesar claimed descent from Venus Genetrix, and Octavian is hammering home the message: “I am Caesar’s heir — therefore Venus is my divine protector.” This is part of the Divi Filius (“son of the divine”) propaganda programme. On the reverse is the figure of Octavian standing right wearing military dress and holding a spear. He is raising his right hand in a gesture of command or acclamation The legend reads: CAESAR DIVI F (“Caesar, son of the divine”) This is not a deity, not Virtus, not Mars — it is Octavian, asserting his authority as commander of Rome’s armies. Because this coin was struck during the build‑up to the war with Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian needed to present himself as both the rightful heir of Caesar and divinely favoured leader, but also as the commander who would restore Rome.   Currency Denarius Paid £270 - Tony - Charing Cross Date 3rd September 2016 Reference s.1548 Current Value £600 Size 20mm Weight 3.93g

161. Octavian (63 BC) - Victory standing on Cista Mystica flanked by Two Snakes Minted in: Italy (Brundisium and Rome?). Rev. ASIA / RECEPTA Victory standing front on cista mistica, head to left, holding wreath in her right hand and palm frond in her left, flanked by two interlaced snakes with heads erect. The Cista Mystica is a sacred box used in the Dionysiac mysteries, especially in Asia Minor (Pergamon, Ephesus, etc.). It symbolises Asia Minor - both its religious identity and its Hellenistic heritage Augustus deliberately uses a symbol familiar to Greek‑speaking provinces. The serpents are guardians of the cista in Dionysiac ritual. They represent the mystical traditions of Asia, the “taming” of the East under Roman rule and the idea of Rome restoring order So Victory stands ovber the cista, literally dominating Asia, her wreath and palm frond proclaim triumph. This coin announces: “Asia has been recovered for Rome after the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra.” It is a political statement, not a religious one. Currency Quinarius Paid £35 - Commonwealth Institute Date 23rd October 1999 Reference s.1568 Current Value £550 Size 12mm Weight 1.90g

191 - Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Bull Butting Bare head of Augustus right./Butting Bull left. IMP X in exergue (meaning Imperator for the tenth time) Struck c. 27–26 BC Mint: Probably a Spanish military mint (Tarraco is the leading candidate) This is Augustus in his early portrait style: Bare head (not yet consistently laureate) Youthful, idealised features Short, neat hair in the early Augustan style This portrait style is transitional — Augustus is no longer Octavian, but not yet the fully formalised imperial portrait of later issues. This is not a random animal. The bull is one of the most ancient symbols of strength, Military power, Victory and Founding authority Given the mint attribution (Spain) and the legend IMP X, the bull almost certainly references Augustus’ tenth acclamation as Imperator, awarded for victories in Spain. Currency Denarius Paid £80 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 19th January 2000 Reference s.1610 / RSC 137 Current Value £500 Size 16mm Weight 3.03g

198 - Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Bull Butting Bare head of Augustus right./Butting Bull left. IMP X in exergue (meaning Imperator for the tenth time) Struck c. 27–26 BC Mint: Probably a Spanish military mint (Tarraco is the leading candidate) This is Augustus in his early portrait style: Bare head (not yet consistently laureate) Youthful, idealised features Short, neat hair in the early Augustan style This portrait style is transitional — Augustus is no longer Octavian, but not yet the fully formalised imperial portrait of later issues. This is not a random animal. The bull is one of the most ancient symbols of strength, Military power, Victory and Founding authority Given the mint attribution (Spain) and the legend IMP X, the bull almost certainly references Augustus’ tenth acclamation as Imperator, awarded for victories in Spain. Currency Denarius Paid £120 - Dema - eBay Date 11th March 2000 Reference s.1610 / RSC 137 Current Value £500 Size 17mm Weight 3.74g

309. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Capricorn holding Globus attached to Rudder This is the classic Spanish mint type (likely Colonia Patricia), struck c. 17–16 BC. Obverse: Bare head right; Reverse: Capricorn right, holding globus attached to rudder between front hooves; cornucopia above The Capricorn is Augustus’ personal zodiac sign (he was born under Capricorn’s rising sign). But on coins, it carries much deeper political meaning. The Capricorn (half‑goat, half‑fish): Represents mastery over land and sea — crucial after Augustus’ victory at Actium. The Globus (world sphere): Symbolises world dominion — Rome’s universal rule. The Rudder: Represents control over fate and direction of the empire. The Cornucopia: Symbol of prosperity and abundance, signalling the peace Augustus brought after decades of civil war. This coin is pure Augustan propaganda: “Augustus guides the world, brings prosperity, and rules over land and sea.” Currency Denarius Paid £140 - Paul Murray - eBay Date 8th October 2000 Reference s.1592 Current Value £650 Size 21mm Weight 3.36g

78. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Capricorn holding Globus attached to Rudder This is the classic Spanish mint type (likely Colonia Patricia), struck c. 17–16 BC. Obverse: Bare head right; Reverse: Capricorn right, holding globus attached to rudder between front hooves; cornucopia above The Capricorn is Augustus’ personal zodiac sign (he was born under Capricorn’s rising sign). But on coins, it carries much deeper political meaning. The Capricorn (half‑goat, half‑fish): Represents mastery over land and sea — crucial after Augustus’ victory at Actium. The Globus (world sphere): Symbolises world dominion — Rome’s universal rule. The Rudder: Represents control over fate and direction of the empire. The Cornucopia: Symbol of prosperity and abundance, signalling the peace Augustus brought after decades of civil war. This coin is pure Augustan propaganda: “Augustus guides the world, brings prosperity, and rules over land and sea.” Currency Denarius Paid £175 - Mike Vosper - Charing Cross Date 5th June 1999 Reference s.1592 Current Value £650 Size 20mm Weight 3.75g

89. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Caius & Lucius Caesars Obverse: Head of Augustus, laureate, right. Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE (Caesar Augustus, son of the divine, father of the nation) Reverse: Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing, each, togate, resting hand on shield and spear, simpulum, right, and lituus, left, flanking, left and right respectively. Reverse legend : C L CAESARES AVGVSTI F COS DESIG PRINC IVVENT (Gaius and Lucius, sons of Caesar Augustus, consuls elect, princes of the youth.) Minted at Lugdunum, Gaul, modern-day Lyons, France (15 BC–AD 78) Gaius (born 20 BC) and Lucius (born 17 BC) were the sons of Marcus Agrippa and Julia, Augustus’ daughter. Augustus adopted them as his own and groomed them as future emperors. The reverse proclaims them Consuls‑designate and Princes of the Youth (Principes Iuventutis) — a formal honour marking them as heirs These coins were struck in huge quantities at Lugdunum between 2 BC and AD 4, precisely when Augustus was promoting the boys as successors. The sheer volume was deliberate: Every Roman handling money would see the faces of Augustus’ intended heirs. Above the boys is a Simpulum (priestly vessel) and a Lituus (augur’s staff) These symbols emphasise their religious authority and their legitimacy as future leaders Despite the propaganda, both heirs died young: Lucius died in AD 2 Gaius died in AD 4 Their deaths forced Augustus to adopt Tiberius, reshaping Roman history. This makes the coin a poignant reminder of the succession that never happened. Currency Denarius Paid £75 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 12th June 1999 Reference s.479 Current Value £250 Size 18mm Weight 3.70g

164. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Caius & Lucius Caesars Obverse: Head of Augustus, laureate, right. Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE (Caesar Augustus, son of the divine, father of the nation) Reverse: Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing, each, togate, resting hand on shield and spear, simpulum, right, and lituus, left, flanking, left and right respectively. Reverse legend : C L CAESARES AVGVSTI F COS DESIG PRINC IVVENT (Gaius and Lucius, sons of Caesar Augustus, consuls elect, princes of the youth.) Minted at Lugdunum, Gaul, modern-day Lyons, France (15 BC–AD 78) Gaius (born 20 BC) and Lucius (born 17 BC) were the sons of Marcus Agrippa and Julia, Augustus’ daughter. Augustus adopted them as his own and groomed them as future emperors. The reverse proclaims them Consuls‑designate and Princes of the Youth (Principes Iuventutis) — a formal honour marking them as heirs These coins were struck in huge quantities at Lugdunum between 2 BC and AD 4, precisely when Augustus was promoting the boys as successors. The sheer volume was deliberate: Every Roman handling money would see the faces of Augustus’ intended heirs. Above the boys is a Simpulum (priestly vessel) and a Lituus (augur’s staff) These symbols emphasise their religious authority and their legitimacy as future leaders Despite the propaganda, both heirs died young: Lucius died in AD 2 Gaius died in AD 4 Their deaths forced Augustus to adopt Tiberius, reshaping Roman history. This makes the coin a poignant reminder of the succession that never happened. Currency Denarius Paid £100 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 30th October 1999 Reference s.1579 / s.479 Current Value £ 250 Size 18mm Weight 3.80g

36. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Caius & Lucius Caesars Obverse: Head of Augustus, laureate, right. Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE (Caesar Augustus, son of the divine, father of the nation) Reverse: Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing, each, togate, resting hand on shield and spear, simpulum, right, and lituus, left, flanking, left and right respectively. Reverse legend : C L CAESARES AVGVSTI F COS DESIG PRINC IVVENT (Gaius and Lucius, sons of Caesar Augustus, consuls elect, princes of the youth.) Minted at Lugdunum, Gaul, modern-day Lyons, France (15 BC–AD 78) Gaius (born 20 BC) and Lucius (born 17 BC) were the sons of Marcus Agrippa and Julia, Augustus’ daughter. Augustus adopted them as his own and groomed them as future emperors. The reverse proclaims them Consuls‑designate and Princes of the Youth (Principes Iuventutis) — a formal honour marking them as heirs These coins were struck in huge quantities at Lugdunum between 2 BC and AD 4, precisely when Augustus was promoting the boys as successors. The sheer volume was deliberate: Every Roman handling money would see the faces of Augustus’ intended heirs. Above the boys is a Simpulum (priestly vessel) and a Lituus (augur’s staff) These symbols emphasise their religious authority and their legitimacy as future leaders Despite the propaganda, both heirs died young: Lucius died in AD 2 Gaius died in AD 4 Their deaths forced Augustus to adopt Tiberius, reshaping Roman history. This makes the coin a poignant reminder of the succession that never happened. Currency Denarius Paid £120 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 3rd January 1999 Reference s.479 Current Value £ 250 Size 18mm Weight 3.70g

152. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Shield between Legionary Eagle & Standard This is a SIGNIS RECEPTIS denarius, struck at Colonia Patricia (Córdoba, Spain) around 19–18 BC, celebrating one of Augustus’ most important diplomatic victories. The obverse features CAESAR AVGVSTVS Bare head of Augustus right. The reverse features a Round shield inscribed CL V, the legend around: S P Q R, a Legionary eagle (aquila) on left and legionary standard on right.  SIGNIS above and RECEPTIS below This is one of the most explicit military‑propaganda reverses of Augustus’ early reign.  In 53 BC, Crassus was defeated at Carrhae, and the Parthians captured Roman legionary standards — a humiliation Rome never forgot.  In 20 BC, Augustus negotiated their peaceful return from King Phraates IV. This was a massive propaganda win: Augustus restored Roman honour without war — a victory greater than any battle. The coin celebrates this event. The reverse symbols mean: CL V on the shield = Cl(a)ssis Vexillum or Classis Legionum Vexilla (interpreted as “the standards of the legions”) S P Q R = “The Senate and People of Rome” Aquila + standard = the actual military emblems returned by Parthia SIGNIS RECEPTIS = “The standards have been recovered” This is Augustus telling the Roman world: “I restored Rome’s honour and avenged Carrhae.” Currency Denarius Paid £100 - Maison Platt - Coindex Date 9th October 1999 Reference s.492 Current Value £700 Size 18mm Weight 3.65g

57. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Chariot in Temple The reverse features a domed tetrastyle temple, inside: a triumphal chariot (quadriga) facing right.  The chariot contains a legionary aquila (eagle standard) and four miniature horses.  The legend is SPQR This is the Temple of Mars Ultor (“Mars the Avenger”), built to house the Parthian standards recovered from King Phraates IV — one of Augustus’ greatest diplomatic victories. The standards had been lost by Crassus (53 BC) and Antony (36 BC). Their recovery was a propaganda triumph, and this coin advertises that success. It was struck c.18 BC at Colonia Patricia, celebrating Augustus’ recovery of the Parthian standards. It is one of the most historically significant early imperial denarii, combining architecture, military symbolism, and Augustan propaganda in a single design. Currency Denarius Paid £65 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 14th April 1999 Reference s.492 Current Value £700 Size 20mm Weight 3.37g

68. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Augustus facing left /Chariot in Temple The reverse features a domed tetrastyle temple, inside: a triumphal chariot (quadriga) facing right.  The chariot contains a legionary aquila (eagle standard) and four miniature horses.  The legend is SPQR This is the Temple of Mars Ultor (“Mars the Avenger”), built to house the Parthian standards recovered from King Phraates IV — one of Augustus’ greatest diplomatic victories. The standards had been lost by Crassus (53 BC) and Antony (36 BC). Their recovery was a propaganda triumph, and this coin advertises that success. It was struck c.18 BC at Colonia Patricia, celebrating Augustus’ recovery of the Parthian standards. It is one of the most historically significant early imperial denarii, combining architecture, military symbolism, and Augustan propaganda in a single design. Currency Denarius Paid £150 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 29th May 1999 Reference s.492 Current Value £700 Size 20mm Weight 3.63g

175. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Capricorn in Wreath Augustus, 27 BC-AD 14. Cistophorus (Silver, 26 mm, 11.53 g, 12 h), Minted in Pergamum (modern-day Bergama, Turkey) in 27-26 BC. IMP•CAESAR Bare head of Augustus to right; to right, lituus curved to right. Rev. AVGVSTVS Capricorn within laurel wreath to right, head turned to left, bearing cornucopiae on its back; all within laurel wreath.  Currency Cistophorus Paid £240 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 20th November 1999 Reference s.1585 Current Value £1,300 Size 25mm Weight 10.72g

136. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Consular robe / Triumphal quadriga with horses Minted c. 18 BC in Spain in 18 BC and depicts a consular robe (toga picta over tunica palmata) between a military eagle (aquila) and a wreath, accompanied by the inscription S P Q R PARENT CONS SVO Slow triumphal quadriga right, its panels ornamented, surmounted by four miniature galloping horses. The reverse features a slow or triumphal quadriga (a chariot drawn by four horses). Augustus is depicted inside a domed tetrastyle temple alongside military standards. Historical Significance: This motif directly celebrated his victories—most notably the return of the Roman military standards lost by Crassus to the Parthians and his triple triumph celebrated in 29 BC Currency Denarius Paid £120 - Philippe Saive - Cumberland Coin Show Date 11th September 1999 Reference s.1604 Current Value £2,500 Size 18mm Weight 3.59g

284. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Six Ears of Corn tied together in a bundle Mint: Pergamum (Asia Minor), date: 27–26 BC The obverse features the bare head of Augustus right - IMP CAESAR.  The Style is early, idealised portrait typical of Asia Minor engravers The reverse features six ears of grain tied together with the legend: AVGVSTVS Symbolism: abundance, fertility, stability, and Augustus’ promise of prosperity after decades of civil war. This type is part of Augustus’ propaganda programme in Asia Minor, emphasising renewal, agricultural wealth, and peace — a visual counterpart to the Ara Pacis themes in Rome. Currency Cistopherus Paid £250 - B.J.Dawson - Coindex Date 8th October 2000 Reference s.1586 Current Value £2,500 Size 25mm Weight 11.74g

300. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Single Span Triumphal Arch surmounted by Large Statue of Augustus in Triumphal Quadriga This is the Augustus “SIGNIS RECEPTIS” triumphal arch denarius, struck at Colonia Patricia (Córdoba) around 19–15 BC. It commemorates Augustus’ recovery of the legionary standards lost to the Parthians — one of the most important propaganda victories of his reign. The obverse: Bare head of Augustus right, legend IMP IX TR POT (your coin’s inscription visible in the photo). The reverse: Triumphal arch with quadriga (four‑horse chariot) carrying Augustus; inscription SIGNIS RECEPTIS and SPQR inside the arch. This is part of the Parthian Standards series — one of the most politically charged issues of the early Principate. SIGNIS RECEPTIS translates as “The standards recovered” In 53 BC, Crassus lost the Roman standards to the Parthians at Carrhae. Their recovery decades later was a diplomatic triumph for Augustus, who presented it as a bloodless victory equal to a military conquest. The arch depicted is the Arch of Augustus, voted by the Senate to commemorate the return of the standards. The quadriga on top shows Augustus in full triumphal regalia — a powerful message of restored Roman honour. This coin is one of the clearest pieces of Augustan propaganda - Rome’s honour restored, Augustus as bringer of peace, Parthian humiliation without war and Consolidation of Augustus’ legitimacy as ruler Currency Cistopherus Paid £190 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 14th March 2000 Reference s.1590 Current Value £2,500 Size 25mm Weight 11.42g

192. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Apollo holding Plectrum & Lyre Augustus Apollo Citharoedus denarius, struck at Lugdunum (modern Lyon) around 11–10 BC. The reverse shows Apollo standing left, holding a plectrum and lyre, with the legend IMP XII ACT. It celebrates Augustus’ victory at Actium and his association with Apollo as patron of harmony, music, prophecy, and the new Augustan order. The obverse: Bare head of Augustus right, legend AVGVSTVS DIVI F (Augustus, son of the divine Julius) The reverse: Apollo standing left, holding plectrum (right hand) and lyre (left hand). Reverse legend: IMP XII ACT (Imperator for the 12th time; Actium) Currency Denarius Paid £200 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 26th February 2000 Reference s.1611 / RSC 144 Current Value £900 Size 18mm Weight 3.67g

383. Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) - Eagle on Globe (Posthumous Issue under Tiberius) This coin was struck after Augustus’ death in AD 14, when he was officially deified by the Senate. The obverse legend: DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER “Divine Augustus, Father of the Nation” This title emphasises his new status as a god. On the reverse: Eagle on Globe, S‑C The eagle is the symbol of apotheosis — carrying the emperor’s soul to heaven. The globe represents world dominion. S‑C shows the Senate authorised the issue. This coin is essentially a public religious monument, minted to reinforce Augustus’ divine status, Tiberius’ legitimacy as “son of a god” and the stability of the new imperial system. Currency Dupondius Paid £30 - Lee - Charing Cross Date 2025 Reference s.1790 Current Value £80 Size 27mm Weight 10.47g

102. Tiberius (14-37) - Winged caduceus between two crossed cornucopias Legend: TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST IMP VII Meaning: >TI CAESAR – Tiberius Caesar >DIVI AVG F – Son of the Divine Augustus >AVGVST – Augustus (imperial title) >IMP VII – Imperator for the 7th time This legend is Tiberius asserting his legitimacy through Augustus — a theme he never stopped emphasising. Reverse Legend: PONT MAXIM COS Meaning: >PONT MAXIM – Pontifex Maximus (chief priest) >COS – Consul The reverse shows a Winged caduceus between two crossed cornucopias This is a classic symbol of: Mercury’s caduceus → peace, fair trade, diplomacy Cornucopias → abundance, prosperity, agricultural plenty Wings → divine favour and swiftness Together, they form a visual message: “The emperor brings peace and prosperity to Rome.” This type was extremely popular and struck in large numbers at Lugdunum (modern Lyon). This coin sits at the heart of Tiberius’ propaganda machine. It emphasises continuity with Augustus, which Tiberius desperately needed because he was never popular with the Roman people. It celebrates economic stability — important after the financial crisis of AD 33. It was widely circulated across Gaul and the western provinces, making it one of the most recognisable bronze types of the early empire. The caduceus and cornucopia pairing is inherited from earlier Republican symbolism, but under Tiberius it becomes a statement of imperial ideology: Peace through authority, prosperity through stability. Currency AE Dupondius Paid £60 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 26th June 1999 Reference s.575 Current Value £100 Size 30 mm Weight 14.60g

109. Tiberius (14-37) - Livia Seated Minted AD 36-37. Lugdunum (modern Lyon).  'Tribute Penny' type. Obv: TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS, laureate head right. Rev: PONTIF MAXIM, Livia seated right on chair with ornamented legs, holding sceptre and branch; on singular exergual line. This is the coin traditionally associated with the biblical “Render unto Caesar” passage. The AD 36–37 issue is the final Lugdunum emission of Tiberius’ reign, recognisable by: The more refined portrait style The single exergual line The ornate chair legs Slightly softer strike on the edges Currency Denarius Paid £190 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 11th July 1999 Reference s.1763 / s.567 Current Value £700 Size 18mm Weight 3.51g

15. Tiberius (14-37) - Livia Seated Minted AD 36-37. Lugdunum (modern Lyon).  'Tribute Penny' type. Obv: TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS, laureate head right. Rev: PONTIF MAXIM, Livia seated right on chair with ornamented legs, holding sceptre and branch; on singular exergual line. This is the coin traditionally associated with the biblical “Render unto Caesar” passage. The AD 36–37 issue is the final Lugdunum emission of Tiberius’ reign, recognisable by: The more refined portrait style The single exergual line The ornate chair legs Slightly softer strike on the edges Currency Denarius Paid £45 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 6th March 1999 Reference s.1763 / s.567 Current Value £550 Size 18mm Weight 3.68g

108. Tiberius (14-37) - Livia Seated Minted AD 36-37. Lugdunum (modern Lyon).  'Tribute Penny' type. Obv: TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS, laureate head right. Rev: PONTIF MAXIM, Livia seated right on chair with ornamented legs, holding sceptre and branch; on singular exergual line. This is the coin traditionally associated with the biblical “Render unto Caesar” passage. The AD 36–37 issue is the final Lugdunum emission of Tiberius’ reign, recognisable by: The more refined portrait style The single exergual line The ornate chair legs Slightly softer strike on the edges Currency Denarius Paid £140 - Harlaan Berk - Ebay auction Date 11th July 1999 Reference s.1763 / s.567 Current Value £650 Size 18mm Weight 3.66g

367. Tiberius (14-37) - Tiberius & Drusus (23 AD) Issed by Tiberius in honour of his deceased son Drusus (AD 23). Minted in Caesarea in Cappadocia This coin is part of a short-lived silver memorial series minted in Cappadocia. It marks the death of Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius’ son and intended heir. This was a rare occasion where a provincial mint produced silver portrait denarii for a Roman prince. Politically, this was a significant turning point in history - after Drusus’ death, the succession shifted toward Caligula. This is a scarce coin. Provincial silver from Caesarea is much less common than imperial denarii, and the Drusus portrait type is one of the rarest. Currency Denarius Paid £160 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 15th May 2001 Reference s.1792 Current Value £950 Size 18mm Weight 3.63g

343. Tiberius (14-37) - Divus Augustus / Livia Seated  Minted under Tiberius to honour the deified Augustus This is one of the most historically important bronzes of Tiberius’ reign. It’s part of the posthumous Divus Augustus series, struck to reinforce the legitimacy of Tiberius by linking him directly to his deified predecessor. Obverse DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER Laureate head of Augustus, facing left or right depending on the issue. The title PATER (“Father”) emphasises Augustus as the founding father of the Roman Empire. Reverse Livia seated right, holding a sceptre or branch, flanked by S – C (Senatus Consulto — “by decree of the Senate”). Livia is shown as Pax, the personification of peace, reinforcing the idea that Augustus’ legacy continues under Tiberius. This coin is part of a coordinated propaganda programme: 1. Augustus is now a god After Augustus’ death in AD 14, the Senate declared him Divus Augustus. Coins like this helped spread the message across the empire. 2. Tiberius legitimises his rule Tiberius was never popular. By issuing coins honouring Augustus, he reminded the public that: He was Augustus’ adopted son He was the rightful successor His rule continued Augustus’ divine mission 3. Livia’s political role Livia (Tiberius’ mother) is shown as Pax, symbolising: Stability Prosperity Continuity of the imperial household This was important because Livia was extremely influential behind the scenes. Currency Copper As Paid £75 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 24th February 2001 Reference s.1788 Current Value £150 Size 28mm Weight 10.78g

28. Tiberius (14-37) - Two Colonists Plowing This is a colonial bronze minted at Philippi The reverse shows two colonists ploughing with a yoke of oxen, representing the ritual founding of the Roman colony. Obverse: Head of Tiberius right Ploughing a sacred boundary line (the pomerium) symbolised: Roman authority The creation of a new civic identity Agricultural prosperity 2. Loyalty to the Julio‑Claudian dynasty Philippi had strong ties to Augustus, so issuing coins under Tiberius reinforced continuity. 3. Local civic pride Colonial bronzes often highlight local identity rather than imperial propaganda. Currency Bronze Quadrans Paid £35 - Time Machine Date 24th February 2001 Reference s.268 Current Value £60 Size 14mm Weight 4.53g

386. Caligula (37-41) - Head of Caligula / Vesta Seated On the reverse is Vesta, veiled and draped, seated on an ornamental throne. She holds a patera (a shallow ritual dish) in her right hand and a long transverse scepter in her left. The inscription is “S-C. Obverse Head of Caligula, bare, left. Script: Latin Lettering: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT Unabridged legend: Caius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunicia Potestate. Translation: Gaius Caesar, emperor, conqueror of the Germans, high priest, holder of tribunician power. Reverse Vesta, veiled and draped, seated left on throne with ornamented back and legs, holding patera in right hand and long transverse sceptre in left. Script: Latin Lettering: VESTA S C Unabridged legend: Vesta. Senatus Consultum Translation: Vesta. Decree of the senate. Mint Rome Currency Sestertius Paid £130 - Lee - Charing Cross Date September 2025 Reference s.1803 Current Value £160 Size 25mm Weight 8.43g

385. Caligula (37-41) - Head of Caligula / Vesta Seated On the reverse is Vesta, veiled and draped, seated on an ornamental throne. She holds a patera (a shallow ritual dish) in her right hand and a long transverse scepter in her left. The inscription is “S-C. Obverse Head of Caligula, bare, left. Script: Latin Lettering: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT Unabridged legend: Caius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunicia Potestate. Translation: Gaius Caesar, emperor, conqueror of the Germans, high priest, holder of tribunician power. Reverse Vesta, veiled and draped, seated left on throne with ornamented back and legs, holding patera in right hand and long transverse sceptre in left. Script: Latin Lettering: VESTA S C Unabridged legend: Vesta. Senatus Consultum Translation: Vesta. Decree of the senate. Mint Rome Currency Sestertius Paid £40 - Charing Cross Date 3rd September 2016 Reference s.1803 Current Value £160 Size 25mm Weight 9.43g

105. Caligula (37-41) - Head of Caligula / Vesta Seated On the reverse is Vesta, veiled and draped, seated on an ornamental throne. She holds a patera (a shallow ritual dish) in her right hand and a long transverse scepter in her left. The inscription is “S-C. Obverse Head of Caligula, bare, left. Script: Latin Lettering: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT Unabridged legend: Caius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunicia Potestate. Translation: Gaius Caesar, emperor, conqueror of the Germans, high priest, holder of tribunician power. Reverse Vesta, veiled and draped, seated left on throne with ornamented back and legs, holding patera in right hand and long transverse sceptre in left. Script: Latin Lettering: VESTA S C Unabridged legend: Vesta. Senatus Consultum Translation: Vesta. Decree of the senate. Mint Rome Currency Sestertius Paid £55 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 1st February 1999 Reference s.1803 Current Value £160 Size 25mm Weight 10.77g

336. Caligula (37-41) - Germanicus in Quadriga Possibly re-tooled - affects the price. This is a sestertius of Germanicus Caesar, issued under Caligula to honour his father, and it is one of the most historically important bronzes of the Julio‑Claudian dynasty. Legend: GERMANICVS CAESAR Type: Germanicus standing in a biga (two‑horse chariot), holding reins and sceptre. Reverse Legend: SIGNIS RECEPTIS Type: Germanicus standing left, holding an eagle standard and a legionary standard. Below: S C (Senatus Consulto) This reverse commemorates Germanicus recovering the legionary standards lost by Varus in the Teutoburg disaster — a huge propaganda moment. Germanicus was: Nephew of Tiberius Father of Caligula Rome’s most beloved general The man who avenged the Teutoburg Forest disaster A potential emperor who died mysteriously (likely poisoned) Caligula issued these coins immediately upon becoming emperor to: Legitimize his rule Associate himself with his father’s immense popularity Remind Rome of Germanicus’ military glory Present himself as the rightful heir of a heroic lineage The SIGNIS RECEPTIS reverse celebrates Germanicus recovering the legionary standards lost to Arminius — a huge symbolic victory. This coin is essentially Caligula saying: “I am Germanicus’ son — I inherit his glory.” Currency Sestertius Paid £75 - Stacks - New York Date 7th February 2001 Reference s.1820 Current Value £800 Size 30mm Weight 15.7g

209. Caligula (37-41) - Agrippina the Elder (mother of Caligula) Portrait of Agrippina the Elder, facing right Legend: AGRIPPINA MAT C CAESARIS (“Agrippina, mother of Gaius Caesar”) Agrippina the Elder was: Wife of Germanicus Mother of Caligula Granddaughter of Augustus A powerful, popular Roman matron Exiled and starved to death by Tiberius Caligula issued this coin immediately upon becoming emperor to: Honour his mother Condemn Tiberius’ cruelty Legitimize his own rule through maternal lineage Present himself as the avenger of his family This coin is essentially Caligula saying: “Rome, remember my mother — and remember who wronged her.” Currency Denarius Paid £200 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 8th April 2000 Reference s.1825 Current Value £550 Size 18mm Weight 2.86g

395. Caligula (37-41) - R.C.C / Pileus  Legend: C CAESAR DIVI AVG PON MAX Meaning: Gaius Caesar (Caligula), son of the Divine Augustus, Pontifex Maximus Reverse Large pileus (freedom cap) between S C The pileus is the cap given to freed slaves — a powerful symbol of liberty. This is one of the most symbolically loaded coins of Caligula’s reign. The quadrans was the lowest denomination of Roman coinage — a tiny bronze coin used for everyday purchases (bread, fruit, lamps, street food). Caligula used this humble coin to send a political message. Why the pileus? The pileus (freedom cap) symbolised: Manumission (freeing slaves) Libertas, the Roman personification of freedom The moral virtue of the emperor as protector of the people Caligula wanted to present himself as: The liberator of Rome The restorer of freedoms lost under Tiberius A man of the people This was propaganda aimed at the masses — the people who handled quadrantes every day. S C = Senatus Consulto Meaning: “By decree of the Senate.” This shows that the Senate authorised the issue — a gesture of unity between Caligula and the Senate early in his reign, before relations deteriorated Currency Copper Quadrans Paid £36 - Charing Cross Date 8th October 2016 Reference s.1804 Current Value £200 Size 16mm Weight 3.08g

279. Drusus (37-38) - Head of Germanicus - minted under Caligula Portrait of Drusus, facing left Legend typically: DRVSVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N Meaning: Drusus Caesar, son of Tiberius Augustus, grandson of the Divine Augustus. Reverse Large S C Legend around: CAESAR DIVI AVG PONTIF MAXIM This is Caligula’s title — showing that the coin was issued by Caligula in honour of Drusus. Drusus Julius Caesar was: Son of Emperor Tiberius Brother of the infamous “Castor” Husband of Livilla A popular and capable Roman noble Murdered by Sejanus (poisoned) Drusus’ death was one of the darkest political murders of the Julio‑Claudian era. Caligula issued coins honouring: His father Germanicus His mother Agrippina Senior His grandfather Drusus His uncle Tiberius Gemellus His brother Nero Caesar His cousin Drusus Julius Caesar (this coin) This was a dynastic restoration programme. Caligula wanted to: Rehabilitate victims of Tiberius and Sejanus Present himself as the avenger of his murdered family Strengthen his legitimacy by invoking his ancestry Show Rome that he was restoring honour to the Julio‑Claudian line This Drusus As is part of that political messaging. Currency Copper As Paid £10 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 22nd April 2000 Reference s.1822 Current Value £150 Size 25mm Weight 10.01g

97. Claudius (41-54) - Minerva Advancing Right, Bandishing Javelin and Holding Shield Struck at Rome around AD 50, with the reverse showing Minerva advancing right, brandishing a javelin and holding a shield.  Obverse Bare head of Claudius left Legend typically: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP Reverse Minerva, helmeted and draped Advancing right Brandishing javelin Round shield on left arm SC (“Senatus Consulto”) in the field Mint: Rome This coin comes from the early years of Claudius’ reign (AD 41–54), a period of consolidation after the assassination of Caligula. Claudius expanded the empire (notably the conquest of Britain in AD 43) and strengthened administrative systems. Minerva on the reverse symbolises: Military protection Wisdom and strategy Legitimacy of Claudius’ rule The advancing pose with javelin and shield is a dynamic, assertive type — a message that Claudius was both capable and divinely supported in defending Rome. These coins circulated widely across the empire and are common finds in Britain, reflecting Roman military presence and trade. Currency AE As Paid £15 - Charing Cross Date 19th June 1999 Reference s.639 Current Value £50 Size 30mm Weight 9.14g

40. Claudius (41-54) - Libertas Holding Pileus The reverse shows Libertas, the personification of freedom, holding the pileus — the soft conical cap given to freed slaves. Obverse legend TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, holder of Tribunician Power, Imperator) Reverse legend LIBERTAS AVGVSTA Libertas Augusta — “The Imperial Liberty” Reverse type: Libertas standing, holding pileus (cap of freedom), SC in the field (Senatus Consulto — minted by decree of the Senate) This is one of the most politically meaningful coins of Claudius’ reign. Claudius came to power in a bizarre moment: Caligula was assassinated. Claudius was found hiding behind a curtain in the palace. The Praetorian Guard proclaimed him emperor. This was not a smooth constitutional succession. Claudius needed to project legitimacy fast. Libertas Holding the Pileus symbolised: Restoration of lawful government after Caligula’s tyranny Freedom from oppression Return to stability A message that Claudius’ rule was sanctioned by tradition and the Senate The pileus itself was the cap given to slaves upon manumission. On coins, it became a powerful symbol of political freedom and lawful authority. Currency AE As Paid £25 - Frank Bakos Mail Order Date 6th October 1999 Reference s.638 Current Value £60 Size 30mm Weight 9.96g

106. Claudius (41-54) - Libertas Holding Pileus The reverse shows Libertas, the personification of freedom, holding the pileus — the soft conical cap given to freed slaves. Obverse legend TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, holder of Tribunician Power, Imperator) Reverse legend LIBERTAS AVGVSTA Libertas Augusta — “The Imperial Liberty” Reverse type: Libertas standing, holding pileus (cap of freedom), SC in the field (Senatus Consulto — minted by decree of the Senate) This is one of the most politically meaningful coins of Claudius’ reign. Claudius came to power in a bizarre moment: Caligula was assassinated. Claudius was found hiding behind a curtain in the palace. The Praetorian Guard proclaimed him emperor. This was not a smooth constitutional succession. Claudius needed to project legitimacy fast. Libertas Holding the Pileus symbolised: Restoration of lawful government after Caligula’s tyranny Freedom from oppression Return to stability A message that Claudius’ rule was sanctioned by tradition and the Senate The pileus itself was the cap given to slaves upon manumission. On coins, it became a powerful symbol of political freedom and lawful authority. Currency AE As Paid £55 - Frank Bakos Mail Order Date 1st August 1999 Reference s.638 Current Value £60 Size 30mm Weight 9.93g

115. Claudius (41-54) - Libertas Holding Pileus (smaller As) The reverse shows Libertas, the personification of freedom, holding the pileus — the soft conical cap given to freed slaves. Obverse legend TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, holder of Tribunician Power, Imperator) Reverse legend LIBERTAS AVGVSTA Libertas Augusta — “The Imperial Liberty” Reverse type: Libertas standing, holding pileus (cap of freedom), SC in the field (Senatus Consulto — minted by decree of the Senate) This is one of the most politically meaningful coins of Claudius’ reign. Claudius came to power in a bizarre moment: Caligula was assassinated. Claudius was found hiding behind a curtain in the palace. The Praetorian Guard proclaimed him emperor. This was not a smooth constitutional succession. Claudius needed to project legitimacy fast. Libertas Holding the Pileus symbolised: Restoration of lawful government after Caligula’s tyranny Freedom from oppression Return to stability A message that Claudius’ rule was sanctioned by tradition and the Senate The pileus itself was the cap given to slaves upon manumission. On coins, it became a powerful symbol of political freedom and lawful authority. Note, that other As coins in my collection (40,106 etc) are flatter, wider and yet weigh the same....this is thicker and smaller. This is actually quite common for Claudius bronzes — they vary wildly because the mint was using recycled bronze, inconsistent flans, and hand‑struck dies. Currency AE As Paid £28 - Alan Cherry - Commonwealth Instutute Date 17th July 1999 Reference s.1859 / S.638 Current Value £60 Size 25mm (smaller but heavier) Weight 10.38g

71. Claudius (41-54) - Constantia Helmetted Standing Left, Right Hand Raised Holding Sceptre. The reverse features the figure of Constantia standing, holding a long spear, SC in the field (Senatus Consulto), holding a sceptre Constantia was the perfect message:“The emperor is steadfast, dependable, and will restore order.” This coin circulated heavily in Italy and the western provinces, especially Gaul and Britain — areas where Claudius needed to project stability during the conquest of Britain (AD 43). The sceptre = authority exercised calmly, the upright posture = firmness and discipline and the SC = Senate approval (important after Caligula’s autocratic excesses) Currency AE As Paid £50 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 27th March 1999 Reference S.1857 / S.637 Current Value £60 Size 30mm Weight 11.93g

162. Claudius (41-54) - Constantia Helmetted Standing Left, Right Hand Raised Holding Sceptre. The reverse features the figure of Constantia standing, holding a long spear, SC in the field (Senatus Consulto), holding a sceptre Constantia was the perfect message:“The emperor is steadfast, dependable, and will restore order.” This coin circulated heavily in Italy and the western provinces, especially Gaul and Britain — areas where Claudius needed to project stability during the conquest of Britain (AD 43). The sceptre = authority exercised calmly, the upright posture = firmness and discipline and the SC = Senate approval (important after Caligula’s autocratic excesses) Currency AE As Paid £40 - Ricky - Charing Cross Date 10th June 2000 Reference S.1857 / S.637 Current Value £70 Size 30mm Weight 9.98g

157. Claudius (41-54) - DE GERMANIS on architrave of triumphal arch The “DE GERMANIS” type is not Claudius himself, but a posthumous denarius of Nero Claudius Drusus Claudius' father), struck under Claudius. This is a silver denarius,  minted at Rome, AD 41–45. The obverse legend is NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP, with a portrait of Nero Claudius Drusus, laureate, left. Drusus was father of Claudius, brother of Tiberius, a celebrated general who campaigned deep into Germania and was immensely popular with the legions. He led major campaigns across the Rhine and won victories that earned him the name “Germanicus”,  He died young after falling from his horse and was mythologised as the ideal Roman general Claudius revived his father’s memory to strengthen his own legitimacy. The reverse legend: DE GERMANIS Meaning: “Conquered the Germans.”.  A triumphal arch, surmounted by a statue of Drusus on horseback, galloping right, two trophies or military standards flanking the arch.  The architrave inscription: DE GERMANIS Currency Denarius Paid £250 - Frank Bakos Mail Order Date 10th June 2000 Reference S.1894 Current Value £800 Size 20mm Weight 3.23g

197. Claudius (41-54) - Claudius and Messalina Possible Claudius & Messalina family group - if so, very rare. Messalina was: Claudius’ third wife Mother of Britannicus Extremely influential in the early Claudian court Later executed for conspiracy and scandal Before her downfall, she was promoted heavily in imperial propaganda as: Mother of the imperial heirs Symbol of fertility and dynastic continuity Augusta, equal partner to Claudius These tiny quinarii were distributed in Rome and used for ceremonial or donative purposes - intended to promote the imperial family After Messalina’s execution, her coins stopped being produced, making them scarcer than other Claudian issues. Currency Brass Quinarius Paid £10 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 11th March 2000 Reference S. Current Value £80 Size 15mm Weight 3.24g

163. Claudius (41-54)- Antonia (D.of M Antony/Mthr Claudius 41-54) - Claudius holding simpulum Claudius honouring his mother Antonia.  Obverse - Antonia Minor, Mother of Claudius and Grandmother of Caligula, daughter of Mark Antony - Bare Headed.  Her portrait is distinctive - Long neck, hair drawn back in a tight bun, matronly, serene expression. This is one of the few coins ever struck with Antonia’s portrait. Reverse - Claudius veiled and togate, standing left, holding a simpulum (a small ladle used in priestly rituals). Legend: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP SC in the field. The simpulum is a priestly implement used in sacrifices. Claudius is shown veiled → performing a religious rite, togate → in formal civic dress and holding a simpulum → emphasising his role as Pontifex Maximus (chief priest) This reverse proclaims Claudius’ piety, legitimacy, and continuity with Roman religious tradition. Currency AE Dupondius Paid £60 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 30th October 1999 Reference S.1902 / S.596 Current Value £400 Size 28mm Weight 11.94g

19. Nero (54-68) - Nero (no beard) - Salus Seated IMP NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS Laureate head of Nero right No beard means this denarius is an early Nero SALVS seated denarius, struck AD 64, just before he adopted the beard. SALVS Salus (the personification of health and well‑being) seated left on an ornate throne, holding a patera in her right hand and resting her left hand on the throne. By AD 66–67, Nero’s regime was under strain: The aftermath of the Great Fire of AD 64 The Pisonian conspiracy (AD 65) Increasing political instability Growing resentment in the Senate and army The SALVS type is part of Nero’s late propaganda, projecting: Health of the emperor Stability of the state Divine protection Recovery after crisis Salus was a reassuring symbol: Rome is safe, the emperor is well, the state endures. This is similar to the messaging seen in other late Nero issues (e.g., VESTA temple types), which emphasise restoration and continuity. Currency Denarius Paid £80 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 3rd March 1999 Reference S.1945 / S.675 Current Value £350 Size 20mm Weight 3.27g

236. Nero (54-68) - Nero - Salus Seated IMP NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS Laureate head of Nero right No beard means this denarius is an early Nero SALVS seated denarius, struck AD 64, just before he adopted the beard. SALVS Salus (the personification of health and well‑being) seated left on an ornate throne, holding a patera in her right hand and resting her left hand on the throne. By AD 66–67, Nero’s regime was under strain: The aftermath of the Great Fire of AD 64 The Pisonian conspiracy (AD 65) Increasing political instability Growing resentment in the Senate and army The SALVS type is part of Nero’s late propaganda, projecting: Health of the emperor Stability of the state Divine protection Recovery after crisis Salus was a reassuring symbol: Rome is safe, the emperor is well, the state endures. This is similar to the messaging seen in other late Nero issues (e.g., VESTA temple types), which emphasise restoration and continuity. Currency Denarius Paid £75 - Kevin - Charing Cross Date 18rd December 1999  Reference S.1945 / S.675 Current Value £350 Size 20mm Weight 3.06g

133. Nero (54-68) - Jupiter Seated Minted in AD 64–65 (immediately after the Pisonian Conspiracy) Clean‑shaven Nero Laureate head right Early post‑Fire portrait style (before he adopted the beard) Reverse - IVPITER CVSTOS Jupiter seated left on a high‑backed throne, holding: Thunderbolt in right hand Long sceptre in left This is one of Nero’s most dramatic and politically charged reverses. This denarius is directly tied to the Pisonian Conspiracy of AD 65, a major plot to assassinate Nero. After the conspiracy was uncovered, Nero issued coins proclaiming Jupiter Custos — Jupiter the Protector The message was clear: “Jupiter has protected me from treason.” This coin is pure political theatre: Nero presents himself as divinely protected Jupiter is shown enthroned, powerful, vigilant The legend IVPITER CVSTOS (“Jupiter the Guardian”) reinforces the idea that the gods favour Nero It is one of the most important propaganda issues of Nero’s reign. Currency Denarius Paid £190 - Bob Unger - Luton Coin Fair Date 5th September 1999 1999  Reference S.1943 Current Value £650 Size 20mm Weight 3.15g

32. Nero (54-68) - Jupiter Seated Minted in AD 64–65 (immediately after the Pisonian Conspiracy) Clean‑shaven Nero Laureate head right Early post‑Fire portrait style (before he adopted the beard) Reverse - IVPITER CVSTOS Jupiter seated left on a high‑backed throne, holding: Thunderbolt in right hand Long sceptre in left This is one of Nero’s most dramatic and politically charged reverses. This denarius is directly tied to the Pisonian Conspiracy of AD 65, a major plot to assassinate Nero. After the conspiracy was uncovered, Nero issued coins proclaiming Jupiter Custos — Jupiter the Protector The message was clear: “Jupiter has protected me from treason.” This coin is pure political theatre: Nero presents himself as divinely protected Jupiter is shown enthroned, powerful, vigilant The legend IVPITER CVSTOS (“Jupiter the Guardian”) reinforces the idea that the gods favour Nero It is one of the most important propaganda issues of Nero’s reign. Currency Denarius Paid £55 - Time Machine Date 1st March 1999  Reference S.1943 Current Value £250 Size 20mm Weight 3.07g

235. Nero (54-68) - Young Nero & Claudius This is one of Nero’s earliest silver issues — struck while he was still a teenager and before he adopted the heavier portrait style.It is Very different from the later “fat Nero” portrait. Reverse legend : TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM The reverse features the laureate head of Divus Claudius — the deified emperor — because Nero had him deified immediately after his death. It was minted in Caesarea, Cappadociae Currency Didrachm Paid £225 - Mike Vosper Date 5th August 2000  Reference S.2054 Current Value £450 Size 20mm Weight 7.38g

125. Nero (54-68) - Victory Alighting Left, Wings Spread, SPQR on Shield Victory is shown in motion — not standing, not crowning, but flying — symbolising Swift triumph, Divine favour, Military success and the emperor’s unstoppable momentum Victory carrying the SPQR shield means “Victory belongs to Rome itself — the Senate and the People.” This was especially important during Nero’s later reign, when the Pisonian conspiracy (AD 65) had shaken confidence.  Nero needed to show unity between emperor, Senate, and people Currency Copper As Paid £125 - Mike Vosper Date 14th August 1999  Reference S.1976 Current Value £150 Size 30mm Weight 10.70g

81. Nero (54-68) - Antioch - Eagle on Thunderbolt The Antioch tetradrachms were the backbone of eastern Roman commerce. The eagle on thunderbolt is a long‑standing Seleucid and Syrian symbol adopted by Rome: Eagle = Jupiter Thunderbolt = divine authority Standing proudly = stability of Roman rule in the East Nero’s portrait on the obverse and the eagle on the reverse created a powerful message: “Nero rules with the authority of Jupiter.” These coins circulated widely in Syria, Judaea, and Asia Minor — including during the years leading up to the Jewish Revolt (AD 66). Currency AR Tetradrachm Paid £45 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 5th June 1999  Reference S.2003 / S.700 Current Value £250 Size 20mm Weight 14.51g

65. Galba (68-69) - SPQR / OB / C S within oak‑wreath Reverse: SPQR = Senatus Populusque Romanus OB C S = Ob Cives Servatos → “For having saved the citizens” The oak wreath (corona civica) was traditionally awarded to someone who saved Roman citizens’ lives. Galba used it as propaganda to legitimise his rule during the chaotic Year of the Four Emperors. Currency Denarius Paid £180 - Mike Vosper - Commonwealth Institute Date 22nd May 1999  Reference S.2109 Current Value £550 Size 20mm Weight 3.24g

165. Galba (68-69) - SPQR / OB / C S within Oak‑Wreath Reverse: SPQR = Senatus Populusque Romanus OB C S = Ob Cives Servatos → “For having saved the citizens” The oak wreath (corona civica) was traditionally awarded to someone who saved Roman citizens’ lives. Galba used it as propaganda to legitimise his rule during the chaotic Year of the Four Emperors. Currency Denarius Paid £75 - Stankov - Yahoo Date 15th November 1999  Reference S.2109 Current Value £400 Size 20mm Weight 3.25g

101. Galba (68-69) - Roma Standing, Foot on Globe Mint: Tarraco, Hispania Reference: RIC I 45 Obverse: GALBA IMPERATOR — laureate head of Galba right, globe at point of neck Reverse: ROMA VICTRIX — Roma standing left, helmeted, in military dress, right foot on globe, holding branch in right hand and leaning on spear with left hand Galba came to power after leading a revolt against Nero. By the time he reached Rome: The empire was unstable Legions were divided in loyalty Provincial governors were plotting The Praetorian Guard was restless Nero’s financial mismanagement had left the treasury empty Galba needed to prove legitimacy fast, especially because he had no dynastic claim. Coins were the quickest way to broadcast a message across the empire — every soldier, merchant, and citizen handled them daily. This denarius was struck at Tarraco (Spain), one of the earliest mints to support Galba. It was part of his propaganda campaign to present himself as the restorer of Roman strength after Nero’s excesses. 🗡️ What the Imagery Means ROMA VICTRIX — “Rome Victorious” This inscription wasn’t casual. It was a statement: Rome is still strong. Rome still dominates the world. And Galba is the man who restored that strength. After Nero’s chaotic final years, this was exactly the reassurance the empire needed. Roma Standing Left Roma is the personification of the Roman state — not a goddess, but the embodiment of Roman military virtue. She appears: Helmeted → ready for war In military dress → emphasising discipline and strength Holding a branch → symbolising peace through victory Leaning on a spear → Rome is armed, but controlled This is Rome at her best: powerful, calm, victorious. Foot on Globe This is the most important element. The globe symbolises dominion over the entire known world. By placing Roma’s foot on it, the coin declares: Rome rules the world. Galba has restored that rule. The empire is stable again. In a time of civil war, this was a bold claim — almost defiant. Obverse: GALBA IMPERATOR Galba uses the title Imperator rather than Caesar or Augustus. This emphasises: Military authority Victory in battle Legitimacy through the army It’s a reminder that Galba came to power through revolt, not inheritance. Currency Denarius Paid £160 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 26th June 1999  Reference S.  RSC. 221 Current Value £500 Size 15mm Weight 3.33g

306. Galba (68-69) - Libertas standing between two ears of corn Mint:Rome Legend: LIBERTAS PVBLICA S C The figure of Libertas standing left, draped and holding a pileus (freedom cap), flanked by two ears of corn (one on each side) Galba’s revolt against Nero was framed as a restoration of liberty to Rome. Libertas was the ideological centrepiece of his propaganda. The ears of corn introduce a second message: grain supply and food security. Rome’s grain supply had been dangerously unstable under Nero. By pairing Libertas with agricultural abundance, Galba was signalling freedom from tyranny, a return of stable grain supply and the restoration of public welfare This combination is unique to Galba and appears only briefly during his reign. The message is essentially “Galba has restored liberty and secured Rome’s food supply.” This was aimed at both the Senate and the urban plebs, who depended on the grain dole. "PR" on a Galba reverse reading LIBERTAS PR means Libertas Publica — “Public Freedom.” Currency Denarius Paid £150 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 10th June 2000  Reference S. 2105 Current Value £500 Size 15mm Weight 3.32g

110. Galba (68-69) - Liberty Standing Rome mint. Legend: SER GALBA IMP CAES AVG TR P - meaning: “Servius Galba, Imperator, Caesar, Augustus, with tribunician power.” The portrait is the laureate head of Galba, right — typically stern, aged, and realistic. Galba deliberately rejected Nero’s youthful idealism; his portraits show deep lines, sagging jowls, and a military austerity. The reverse legend: LIBERTAS AVGVS S C - ("Libertas of the Emperor; by decree of the Senate.”).  It shows a figure of Libertas, draped, standing left, Pileus (freedom cap) in right hand and rod (vindicta) in left hand Libertas was the Roman personification of freedom from tyranny. Under Galba, this imagery was politically loaded: he had risen in revolt against Nero, promising the restoration of liberty to Rome. Even after becoming emperor, he continued to use this messaging. Currency AE As Paid £70 - Frank Bakos Date 13th July 1999  Reference S.2134 / S.729 Current Value £500 Size 26mm Weight 9.93g

1. Otho (69) - Pax holding Olive Branch and Sceptre Legend: IMP M OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P (“Imperator Marcus Otho, Caesar Augustus, with tribunician power.”) His portrait shows the bare head of Otho, right — distinctive for its carefully groomed hair (wig) and slightly idealised features. The reverse features Pax standing left, in her right hand is an olive branch (symbol of peace).  In her left hand is a caduceus or sceptre  Otho came to power during the chaotic Year of the Four Emperors. This reverse proclaims that Otho would restore worldwide peace after Nero’s collapse and Galba’s assassination. The olive branch is the standard Roman symbol of peace; the sceptre/caduceus represents authority and harmony. Legend: PAX ORBIS TERRARVM - (“Peace of the World.”) Otho ruled for only three months (January–April AD 69). His coinage is limited to a small number of types, all heavy with propaganda: PAX ORBIS TERRARVM – world peace SECVRITAS P R – security of the Roman people VESTA – stability and tradition The Securitas type is the second most common after Pax, but still scarce due to the brevity of his reign. Currency Denarius Paid £295 - Coincraft Date 23rd January 1999  Reference S.2156 / S.743 Current Value £850 Size 24mm Weight 3.31g

79. Otho (69) - Securitas Draped, standing left Legend: IMP OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P Otho’s portraits are distinctive: carefully groomed hair (wig), slightly idealised features, and a refined, almost Julio‑Claudian look. The reverse legend: SECVRITAS P R - meaning “Security of the Roman People”, features Securitas, draped, standing left, right hand holding a wreath and in the left hand a sceptre This type proclaims stability, safety, and calm during a moment of extreme political crisis. Otho had just seized power after Galba’s assassination; Vitellius was marching on Italy. The message is clear: Otho promises security to the Roman people despite the turmoil. Otho ruled for only three months (January–April AD 69). His coinage is limited to a small number of types, all heavy with propaganda: PAX ORBIS TERRARVM – world peace SECVRITAS P R – security of the Roman people VESTA – stability and tradition The Securitas type is the second most common after Pax, but still scarce due to the brevity of his reign. Currency Denarius Paid £350 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 5th June 1999  Reference S.2162 / S.744 Current Value £1,200 Size 24mm Weight 3.27g

99. Vitellius (69) - Tripod-Lebes surmounted by dolphin and Raven Beneath Obverse Legend: A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP, meaning: “Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, Imperator.”. The title Germanicus honours the German legions who proclaimed him emperor. The reverse legend: XV VIR SACR FAC translates to “The Fifteen Men for Conducting Sacred Rites.”. A Tripod‑Lebes was a ceremonial tripod used in Roman religious rites. A dolphin Lies across the top of the tripod with a raven standing beneath. This reverse refers directly to Vitellius’ membership in the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis, one of Rome’s most prestigious priestly colleges. Vitellius before his elevation had been a member of the college of quindecimviri sacris faciundis.  The tripod represents purification, sacrifice, and sacred consultation. The dolphin is associated with Apollo and prophecy and the raven is a bird of omens, linked to augury. Together, they form a religious‑prophetic tableau, asserting Vitellius’ legitimacy through sacred authority rather than military conquest alone. Vitellius was appointed commander in Lower Germany by Galba. His troops proclaimed him emperor in January AD 69. He defeated Otho at Bedriacum and entered Rome as Augustus. However, Vespasian’s forces later invaded Italy; Vitellius was captured and killed in December AD 69. Vitellius’ coinage always includes the title Germanicus, honouring the legions who raised him to power. His religious office was one of the few respectable elements of his reputation, so he emphasised it heavily on his denarii. Currency Denarius Paid £115 - Harlaan Berk - Ebay Auction Date 21st June 1999  Reference S.2201 / S.754 Current Value £700 Size 16mm Weight 3.15g

64. Vitellius (69) - Tripod-Lebes surmounted by dolphin and Raven Beneath Obverse Legend: A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP, meaning: “Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, Imperator.”. The title Germanicus honours the German legions who proclaimed him emperor. The reverse legend: XV VIR SACR FAC translates to “The Fifteen Men for Conducting Sacred Rites.”. A Tripod‑Lebes was a ceremonial tripod used in Roman religious rites. A dolphin Lies across the top of the tripod with a raven standing beneath. This reverse refers directly to Vitellius’ membership in the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis, one of Rome’s most prestigious priestly colleges. Vitellius before his elevation had been a member of the college of quindecimviri sacris faciundis.  The tripod represents purification, sacrifice, and sacred consultation. The dolphin is associated with Apollo and prophecy and the raven is a bird of omens, linked to augury. Together, they form a religious‑prophetic tableau, asserting Vitellius’ legitimacy through sacred authority rather than military conquest alone. Vitellius was appointed commander in Lower Germany by Galba. His troops proclaimed him emperor in January AD 69. He defeated Otho at Bedriacum and entered Rome as Augustus. However, Vespasian’s forces later invaded Italy; Vitellius was captured and killed in December AD 69. Vitellius’ coinage always includes the title Germanicus, honouring the legions who raised him to power. His religious office was one of the few respectable elements of his reputation, so he emphasised it heavily on his denarii. Currency Denarius Paid £130 - Mike Vosper - Commonwealth Institute Date 22nd May1999  Reference S.2201 / S.754 Current Value £950 Size 16mm Weight 3.23g

326. Vitellius (69) - Tripod-Lebes surmounted by dolphin and Raven Beneath Obverse Legend: A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP, meaning: “Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, Imperator.”. The title Germanicus honours the German legions who proclaimed him emperor. The reverse legend: XV VIR SACR FAC translates to “The Fifteen Men for Conducting Sacred Rites.”. A Tripod‑Lebes was a ceremonial tripod used in Roman religious rites. A dolphin Lies across the top of the tripod with a raven standing beneath. This reverse refers directly to Vitellius’ membership in the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis, one of Rome’s most prestigious priestly colleges. Vitellius before his elevation had been a member of the college of quindecimviri sacris faciundis.  The tripod represents purification, sacrifice, and sacred consultation. The dolphin is associated with Apollo and prophecy and the raven is a bird of omens, linked to augury. Together, they form a religious‑prophetic tableau, asserting Vitellius’ legitimacy through sacred authority rather than military conquest alone. Vitellius was appointed commander in Lower Germany by Galba. His troops proclaimed him emperor in January AD 69. He defeated Otho at Bedriacum and entered Rome as Augustus. However, Vespasian’s forces later invaded Italy; Vitellius was captured and killed in December AD 69. Vitellius’ coinage always includes the title Germanicus, honouring the legions who raised him to power. His religious office was one of the few respectable elements of his reputation, so he emphasised it heavily on his denarii. Currency Denarius Paid £187 - Andy Bennetts - Mail Order Date 3rd December 2000  Reference S.2201 / S.754 Current Value £950 Size 16mm Weight 3.23g

118. Vitellius (69) - Jupiter seated, holding victory & sceptre Obverse legend: A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP (“Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, Imperator.”).  The title Germanicus honours the German legions who proclaimed him emperor. Reverse legend: IVPPITER VICTOR  The reverse features Jupiter seated left, naked to the waist.  His right hand holds Victory (a winged figure), and in his left had is a Long sceptre Jupiter Victor = Jupiter the bringer of victory.  The Victory figure in Jupiter’s hand proclaims divine support for Vitellius’ military success and the sceptre reinforces Jupiter’s supreme authority Vitellius had just defeated Otho at the First Battle of Bedriacum. This coin celebrates that victory and asserts that Jupiter himself favoured Vitellius’ rise. Currency Denarius Paid £100 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 24th July 1999   Reference S.2197  Current Value £950 Size 16mm Weight 3.23g

362. Vitellius (69) - Libertas standing Minted in Tarraco, Hispania (modern Tarragona, Spain) Reverse legend: LIBERTAS RESTITVTA.  The coin features Libertas standing front, head right, Draped.  In her right hand is a pileus (freedom cap) and a Rod (vindicta) in her left. “Liberty Restored.” This is one of Vitellius’ strongest political messages. After defeating Otho and entering Rome, Vitellius wanted to present himself as the restorer of traditional Roman freedoms and senatorial authority. The pileus and rod are the classic symbols of manumission — freeing a slave — used metaphorically to claim that Vitellius freed Rome from tyranny. Vitellius was commander in Lower Germany under Galba. His troops proclaimed him emperor in early AD 69. He defeated Otho at Bedriacum and entered Rome as Augustus. Later defeated by Vespasian’s forces and killed in December AD 69. The Libertas Restituta type belongs to his earliest issues, minted at Tarraco, and reflects his attempt to legitimise his rule through constitutional and moral restoration. Currency Denarius (Provincial series) Paid £100 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 7th April 2001   Reference S.2188 Current Value £950 Size 16mm Weight 3.23g

387. Vitellius (69) - Concordia Reverse legend: CONCORDIA AVG - meaning “Harmony of the Roman People.” The coin features Concordia seated left, right hand holding a Patera (libation dish) and in the left hand a cornucopia (abundance) This type proclaims unity and harmony between the emperor, the Senate and the Roman people Vitellius had just defeated Otho and entered Rome as Augustus. With Vespasian rising in the East, Vitellius needed to project stability and legitimacy. Concordia was the perfect message: Rome is united under his rule. The CONCORDIA type belongs to his Rome‑mint issues, struck during his brief hold on power Currency Denarius Paid £170 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 7th April 2001   Reference S.2188 Current Value £700 Size 16mm Weight 3.23g

21. Vespasian (69-79) - Sacrificial Instruments This denarius shows on its reverse a set of sacrificial instruments — the simpulum (ladle), aspergillum (sprinkler), urceus (jug), and lituus (augural staff). These objects are the traditional emblems of Rome’s priestly colleges, especially the augurate and pontificate, and their appearance on Vespasian’s silver coinage is a deliberate assertion of religious legitimacy. After the upheaval of AD 69, Vespasian emphasised his role as restorer of Rome’s sacred traditions, presenting himself as a pious guardian of the state’s ancient rites. This type fits neatly into his broader programme of stability, renewal, and the re‑anchoring of imperial authority in Rome’s traditional institutions. On the denarius, the sacrificial instruments are sharply engraved and neatly arranged, making this one of the more elegant Flavian religious reverses. Vespasian’s portrait is typically rugged and realistic — heavy jaw, lined features, and a soldier’s bearing — reinforcing the image of a practical, dutiful emperor. These denarii were struck in large numbers and circulated widely, helping to broadcast the message that the Flavian dynasty was restoring Rome’s moral and religious order. Currency Denarius Paid £60 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 13th March 1999   Reference S.2282 / S.770 Current Value £800 Size 16mm Weight 3.34g

69. Vespasian (69-79) - Sacrificial Instruments This denarius shows on its reverse a set of sacrificial instruments — the simpulum (ladle), aspergillum (sprinkler), urceus (jug), and lituus (augural staff). These objects are the traditional emblems of Rome’s priestly colleges, especially the augurate and pontificate, and their appearance on Vespasian’s silver coinage is a deliberate assertion of religious legitimacy. After the upheaval of AD 69, Vespasian emphasised his role as restorer of Rome’s sacred traditions, presenting himself as a pious guardian of the state’s ancient rites. This type fits neatly into his broader programme of stability, renewal, and the re‑anchoring of imperial authority in Rome’s traditional institutions. On the denarius, the sacrificial instruments are sharply engraved and neatly arranged, making this one of the more elegant Flavian religious reverses. Vespasian’s portrait is typically rugged and realistic — heavy jaw, lined features, and a soldier’s bearing — reinforcing the image of a practical, dutiful emperor. These denarii were struck in large numbers and circulated widely, helping to broadcast the message that the Flavian dynasty was restoring Rome’s moral and religious order. Currency Denarius Paid £65 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 29th May 1999   Reference S.2282 / S.770 Current Value £550 Size 16mm Weight 3.39g

29. Vespasian (69-79) - Winged Caduceus The caduceus specifically symbolises Mercury (commerce, trade, safe travel), prosperity and economic revival, and a peaceful exchange after the Year of the Four Emperors It’s essentially Vespasian saying: “Trade is open again; Rome is stable.” Currency Denarius Paid £42 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 20th March 1999   Reference S.2306 Current Value £250 Size 16mm Weight 3.39g

67. Vespasian (69-79) - Nike advancing right. Judaea Capta commemorative Mint: Caesarea Maritima (Judaea) Date: AD 69–70 (immediately after the fall of Jerusalem) Nike advancing right crowning a standard a signature Caesarea Maritima Judaea Capta type. Caesarea was the provincial capital of Judaea and the base of the Roman legions during the Jewish War. Currency Didrachm Paid £60 - Bob Unger - Charing Cross Date 25th May 1999   Reference S.2270 Current Value £550 Size 20mm Weight 6.60g

27. Vespasian (69-79) - Simpulum, Sprinkler, Jug and Lituus This reverse type is one of the classic Flavian religious issues, and it appears on denarii and provincial silver (including didrachms). The four instruments are: Simpulum – the ladle used in sacrificial rites Aspergillum (sprinkler) – used to sprinkle holy water Urceus (jug) – vessel for libations Lituus – the curved augural staff of the priesthood Together, these symbols represent the emperor’s authority as Pontifex Maximus (chief priest) and his role in restoring Rome’s religious order after the chaos of AD 69. Vespasian used these designs heavily to project stability, piety, and legitimacy. Currency Denarius Paid £40 - Pick Bag - Charing Cross Date 17th April 1999   Reference S.2282 Current Value £350 Size 16mm Weight 3.16g

17. Vespasian (69-79) - Victory advancing, Placing Wreath on Standard and holding Palm This denarius of Vespasian, struck at Rome between AD 69–79, carries one of the emperor’s most important propaganda messages. The reverse shows Victory advancing to the right, placing a wreath upon a military standard while holding a palm branch, a dynamic scene celebrating the loyalty and triumph of the Roman legions who secured Vespasian’s rise after the turmoil of the Year of the Four Emperors. By depicting Victory in motion, actively crowning the standard, the coin emphasises both ongoing military success and the restoration of stability under the new Flavian regime. For contemporary Romans, this imagery reinforced Vespasian’s legitimacy and the renewed strength of the empire; for modern collectors, it represents one of the most expressive and historically charged Victory types of the period. Currency Denarius Paid £29 - Dave - Charing Cross Date 6th March 1999   Reference S.2317 Current Value £150 Size 16mm Weight 3.00g